pestis antigen can be detected by different techniques. pestis from a sample of pus from a bubo, blood or sputum. Diagnosing plagueĬonfirmation of plague requires lab testing. In Madagascar cases of bubonic plague are reported nearly every year, during the epidemic season (between September and April). The three most endemic countries are the Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, and Peru. Plague epidemics have occurred in Africa, Asia, and South America but since the 1990s, most human cases have occurred in Africa. Global distribution of natural plague foci as of March 2016.There is a risk of human plague wherever the presence of plague natural foci (the bacteria, an animal reservoir and a vector) and human population co-exist. However, recovery rates are high if detected and treated in time (within 24 hours of onset of symptoms).Īs an animal disease, plague is found in all continents, except Oceania. Untreated pneumonic plague, if not diagnosed and treated early, can be fatal. Any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans. Pneumonic plague, or lung-based plague, is the most virulent form of plague.Bubonic plague can advance and spread to the lungs, which is the more severe type of plague called pneumonic plague. Human to human transmission of bubonic plague is rare. At advanced stages of the infection the inflamed lymph nodes can turn into open sores filled with pus. The lymph node then becomes inflamed, tense and painful, and is called a ‘bubo’. pestis, enters at the bite and travels through the lymphatic system to the nearest lymph node where it replicates itself. Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague and is caused by the bite of an infected flea.There are two main forms of plague infection, depending on the route of infection: bubonic and pneumonic. People infected with plague usually develop acute febrile disease with other non-specific systemic symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days, such as sudden onset of fever, chills, head and body aches, and weakness, vomiting and nausea. Nowadays, plague is easily treated with antibiotics and the use of standard precautions to prevent acquiring infection. It was known as the "Black Death" during the fourteenth century, causing more than 50 million deaths in Europe. Historically, plague was responsible for widespread pandemics with high mortality. It is especially contagious and can trigger severe epidemics through person-to-person contact via droplets in the air. The pneumonic form is invariably fatal unless treated early. Plague is a very severe disease in people, particularly in its septicaemic (systemic infection caused by circulating bacteria in bloodstream) and pneumonic forms, with a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 100% if left untreated. the inhalation of respiratory droplets/small particles from a patient with pneumonic plague.unprotected contact with infectious bodily fluids or contaminated materials.It is transmitted between animals through fleas. Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas.
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